Thermal effects can impact any platform, not just multicore platforms, and DO-254 currently has no additional considerations for multicore systems. While a revision to DO-254 is upcoming in which some multicore concerns may be addressed, it may be sensible to assume that on-target testing for A(M)C 20-193 should take environmental testing in mind.
A(M)C 20-193 objectives state that worst-case scenarios are implicit for WCET analysis, which implies ensuring the objectives are met in the worst-case conditions the system will be subjected to. For example, thermal throttling of one core may cause operating frequency changes in other cores.